1. INTRODUCTION The Harvard system, also known as the author/date system, is not based on a singular source document. This guide, like most Australian university Harvard referencing guides, is based on Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style Manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Australia, Milton, with additional material and updates reflecting best practice in the tertiary sector. The Harvard system has two components: a) In-text citations (also known as short references and in-text references) In-text citations list the author, year of publication and page number in brackets at the relevant place, usually the end of a sentence, phrase or clause or immediately after a quotation. They act as a form of shorthand so that readers can turn to the bibliography or references and check for full details if they wish to pursue an idea. b) List of References: Bibliography or Works Cited These are not the same thing although they share some common features:  Both are placed at the end of the paper.  Both are organised alphabetically by author’s family name, or by authoring body.  Both are punctuated in the same way.  Both, at undergraduate level, combine all sources in one list without separating them by genre (e.g. books, journals, web sources). A Works Cited List provides full bibliographic details for all sources referred to in your assignment so that readers can easily locate them. Each different source referenced with an in-text citation in your essay must have a corresponding entry in your Reference List. A Reference List only includes those sources for which you have provided an in-text citation. A Bibliography lists everything you may have consulted in your research, including sources which you haven’t referenced in the text. A Bibliography is not needed unless specifically requested by your lecturer. Note: You use a Bibliography if you wish to include other relevant works from which you have developed your paper but which have remained uncited. Only include items that you have consulted at some point in your research. As an undergraduate in the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science, if you use a Bibliography you DO NOT need to also include a Works Cited List. This is included in your Bibliography. Check with your lecturer to understand what is required for each assignment. DO NOT provide a Bibliography if an assignment asks for a Works Cited List. School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 3 Rules for Referencing All referencing follows very simple rules based on common sense questions. In their simplest form, these are:  Who wrote it?  When was it published?  What is it called? Or, in which journal did it appear?  Who published it? Or, in which volume and issue number of the journal?  Where was it published? Or on which specific pages of the journal? Sometimes, other information is included that fits ‘around’ these items, as you’ll see. (e.g. translators, editors, compilers). In all cases though, in order to adequately meet your obligations in relation to referencing, you need to study and take notes in a way that ensures that you collect these details when you access the source. Make this a habit. Write these details in one colour and write any direct quotations from your sources in a different colour in order to consistently distinguish your own words from the words of others. In this way you avoid accidental plagiarism due to poor note-taking. These details will be used for your in-text citations and reference list. See examples on pages 4-5. A list of items in the following sequence should be noted at the time you access the source. This would include any (but not necessarily all) of the following:  Author/s listed in the order they appear on the title page.  Year of publication, using n.d. if no date or c. for circa if date is approximate, ‘forthcoming’ if about to be published, or ‘in press’ if in the process of publication.  Title of publication from title page (not spine, dustjacket or library catalogue) italicised with minimum capitalisation (first word of title only + proper nouns). Anything normally italicised within the title can be indicated with inverted commas or plain text. Foreign titles should be retained but followed by a translation in plain text in brackets.  Title of series separated by a comma and written in plain text.  Description if any details above are unclear e.g. a catalogue number, series number or note such as Report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission.  Edition number, using abbreviation edn include any other description of edition e.g. student edn, Australian edn, rev edn, enlarged edn.  Additional ‘authors’ if such exist e.g. editor/s (ed. eds), compiler (comp. comps), reviser (rev. revs), translator (tran. trans), or illustrator (ill. ills). If these people are more important than those by whom the collected material is created, then the work is listed under the editor or other responsible person.  Volume number and its title if different to others in the multi volume work. List only the volume used by number (vol. 2 & 3), or if the whole work then state how many volumes (12 vols).  Publisher or publishers if more than one.  Place of publication – only include the first place listed with further School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 4 identification if the same as another place (e.g. Cambridge, UK, or Cambridge, Mass.) or if it’s an obscure place (Maleny, Queensland). If no place of publication is obvious put n. p. (no place). This item can be omitted if it is obvious from the publisher’s name (e.g. Melbourne University Press).  Page numbers for your in-text references except for journals where page numbers of the whole article are needed for bibliography. For web pages you need to answer very similar questions:  Who wrote it? (Person or organisation).  When was it made public? This is the year the site was formed or revised.  The title of the piece if it has one or the site if it does not.  Who published it? Name and place of the sponsor/s of the site.  URL of the document or, if it does not have one, the site URL.  Date you accessed it. For audio visual (including radio) programs you need to note:  Title  Year of recording, production or transmission  Format (e.g. radio program, video)  Publisher  Place of recording  Description  Date (day and month) of transmission  Any other important information would come after the full reference e.g. producers, directors, speakers etc. Examples Books: Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York. Last name of author. The book title written in Italics. L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r , f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r The date the book was published. The city the book was published in . The Publisher. The first name of the author. School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 5 Journal Articles: Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to share an intimate evening’, Journal of Leisure and Sexuality, vol. 39, no.10, pp. 63-82. Web pages: Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage, Queensland Government, Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014, Note: These examples have been centred on the page to allow for explanation but in a reference list, entries would be aligned left. When presenting your Bibliography or Reference List remember: Presentation matters. Follow exactly the punctuation, use of upper and lower case, italics or plain text, use or absence of inverted commas, indentations, use of dashes and abbreviations that appear in the following tables. A list of common abbreviations and their full meaning can be found at the end of this guide. Last name of author. The first name of the author. The date the issue was published. L a s t n a m e o f a u t h o r , f i r s t n a m e o f a u t h o r The title of the journal article in single quotation marks. The name of the journal written in Italics. Volume number. The pages of the journal that the article appears on. Issue number. Name of author or organisation that produced the webpage. Date the webpage was formed or updated or if unavailable n.d. for no date. Title of the webpage or if none, title of the website. Sponsor/publisher of the website. Date you viewed the webpage. The full webpage/website address. City of the sponsor/publisher of the website. School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science Referencing Guide 6 Note: In the following guide some entries are fictitious and others are real. No quotations attributed to the sources are real. 7 2. TABLES TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Book. No author. It was meaningless rubbish and ‘every politician worth his salt knew’ (Franklin Dam issues 2000, p. 16). OR The most recent edition of Franklin Dam issues (2000, p. 16) claims ‘every politician worth his salt’ knew nothing was being done. This guide was prepared for Griffith university students using the standard text for Harvard referencing in Australian publishing (Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002). Franklin Dam issues 2000, Greenpeace Publications, Hobart. Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, 2002, rev. Snooks & Co., John Wiley & Sons, Milton, Qld. When there is no author, the title of the book takes that position. It is optional to use a hanging indent for entries in the Bibliography/Reference List to highlight alphabetical order, however, it must be used consistently for all entries. As a proper noun Franklin Dam is capitalised. Font should be the same as the text but 2 points smaller for the Bibliography/Reference List. Italics and minimal capitalisation in book titles. 8 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 2. Book. Single author. The current issue for masculinity ‘is its unpopular image’ (Bly 1990, p. 72). OR Robert Bly (1990, p. 72) argues that the ‘unpopular image’ of masculinity is an ongoing issue for young men. Bly, Robert 1990, All about men, Routledge, New York. Italics and minimal capitalisation in book titles. A comma separates all bibliographic elements after the year. Note: no comma between author’s name and the year. A full stop ends the Reference List entry. 3. Book. Two or three authors. Most undergraduates know ‘much more than they imagine’ about straightforward referencing (Beasty, Tingle & Poppin 2007, p. 5). According to Beasty, Tingle and Poppin (2007, p. 5) most undergraduates know ‘much more than they imagine’ about referencing. Beasty, Frank, Tingle, Mary & Poppin, Paul 2007, Understanding referencing at undergraduate level, Random House, London. The ampersand (&) in the intext citation is replaced by the word ‘and’ when it appears in the written text, but the ampersand is again used in the Reference List. Names appear in order they appear on the title page. 9 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 4. Book. Four or more authors. Ornithologists are concerned about ‘the increasingly severe results of global warming on migratory patterns in some nomadic birds’ (Swan et al. 2006, p. 95). OR Swan et al. (2006, p. 95) claim ‘the increasingly severe results of global warming’ are already detrimental to some birds. Swan, Ben, Franks, Jill, Marvin, Eddie, Lanks, Pat & Somers, David 2006, Global warming and birds in the wild, Faber & Faber, New York. Foreign phrases that are not common English usage, e.g. et al. should be italicised. Select a reputable dictionary to determine whether common usage applies. Italics in the dictionary dictate the format of your work. Use the same dictionary throughout the paper. All names, separated by a comma with the exception of an ampersand between the last two, appear in the Reference List. 5. Book. Very long name of authoring body rather than a person. For insulin resistant patients, a healthy diet is high in protein (CSIRO 2007, p.16). Vegetarians should research the many alternative sources of plant-based protein available (Vegetarians united 2007, p.6). CSIRO See Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Office. Vegetarians united See European, Asian and Australasian vegetarians united. European, Asian and Australasian vegetarians united 2007, Going plant-based, Whole Earth Publications, Sydney. Use abbreviations consistently and in the reference list to crossreference the same abbreviation to the full term. Long titles may be abbreviated and cross-referenced using an italicised entry in the appropriate location in the reference list. 10 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 6. Book. Multiple works by same author in one assignment or paper. Frederick Green has been researching this issue for a decade (Green 1995, 2000, 2008). Green frequently uses the same examples (1995, p.16; 2000, p.98; 2008, p.5). Green, Frederick 1995, Youth and society in the eighties, Virago Press, London. ――2000, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago Press, London. ――2008, Youth and society in the noughties, Virago Press, London. In-text citation years separated by a comma. If page numbers were used in the in- text citation, a semi colon separates the entries because a comma separates year and the ‘p’ of page and a full stop is used after the ‘p’ already. Repeated name in Reference List replaced by a double em dash without a space before the date. Presented chronologically from oldest to most recent. 7. Book. More than one work in same year by same author. Frederick Green is arguably the most prolific author in this field (Green 2000a; 2000b; 2000c). Green, Frederick 2000a, Adolescence to adulthood, Jacaranda, Brisbane. ――2000b, Age and competency-based learning, Jacaranda, Brisbane. ――2000c, Youth and society in the nineties, Virago Press, London. Sequence is dictated alphabetically letter by letter: Adolescence, Age, Youth. If articles (a, the, an) are present, they are disregarded. Repeated name in Reference List replaced by a double em dash without a space before the date. Items in text separated by semicolon. 11 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 8. Book. Different authors with the same family name. The autobiography (Potter MJ 2002) was hotly disputed by several members of the family, including her daughter (Potter C 2005). Potter, Claire 2005, Not while I’m alive to tell the tale, Moody Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Potter, Marion J. 2002, One dark night in winter, Moody Press, Halifax, Nova Scotia. In-text citation features first initial/s to disambiguate authors. List references alphabetically according to first letter of author’s first name. 9. Book. Pseudonym. It is hard to believe that this was the same person who wrote Up the Country (Brent of Bin Bin 1928, p. 54). Brent of Bin Bin (Stella Marie Miles Franklin) 1928, Up the country: A tale of early Australian squattocracy, Blackwood, Edinburgh. Could also be written as: Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud. of Stella Marie Miles Franklin) 1928, OR Brent of Bin Bin (Pseud.) 1928, 10. Book. Quotation from someone cited by author. All they could do was ‘put a nose, not so much to the grindstone, as to the source of the not so delicate aroma to discover its origins’ (Gadling, in Bradshaw 1965, p. 72). OR (Gadling, cited in Bradshaw 1965, p. 72). Gadling (in Bradshaw 1965, p. 72) claimed that this was a unique way to proceed. Bradshaw, Lee 1965, Days of wine and whiners, Falstaff, London. BOTH names are required for in-text citation. Comma after the speaker of quotation. Note the source in which YOU found the quotation NOT where your source found it. You may choose to include the ‘cited’ for in-text citations. However, cited means ‘said’ and should only be used for sources referenced by another author. 12 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 11. Book. Quotation from a preface or introduction to a collection. While unfinished, Jean Santeuil is considered the precursor to Proust’s most significant work (Maurois, in Proust 1970, p.6). Proust, Marcel 1970, Jean Santeuil, tran. Gerard Hopkins, Simon & Schuster, New York. Preface by André Maurois. Translator name presented after publication title. Use first name first for translator. Do not claim Proust ‘cited’ Maurois’ in the preface as he is the author of that section. 12. Edited book. Editor or editors. A short guide to Australian poetry (ed. Winkler 2003) is one of the better books of its type. Winkler and Bradley’s new edition of collected poetry (2006) is significant for its inclusion of poetry by indigenous and migrant groups. The most alarming poem, from a political detainee, is by a young Chinese man (Hua, in Winkler & Bradley 2006, p. 34). Winkler, Robert (ed.) 2003, A short guide to Australian poetry, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. Winkler, Robert & Bradley, Adam (eds) 2006, More Australian poetry from the best, trans Oubije Noonunka, Pietro Flavio & Gunter Kunte, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. The full stop after ed. No full stop after (eds). This rule also applies to tran. and trans, to comp. and comps, to ill. and ills and to rev. and revs (See Abbreviations section at the end of the tables). You may include ed. or eds in the in-text citation but in the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science the convention is to leave this out. 13 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 13. Chapter by an author in an edited book. Without doubt, the response to Winkler and Bradley has been rapid. Bentley’s collection (ed. 2007) was the first and in that collection, the most outstanding example of a sensitive response to diversity has come from a young Englishwoman (Paulson, in ed. Bentley 2006, pp. 79-98). Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post traumatic stress in refugees’, in David Bentley (ed.) Finding new voices, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. If no editor: Paulson, Maureen 2007, ‘The need to recognise post traumatic stress in refugees’, in Finding new voices, Allen & Unwin, Sydney. Plain text and single quote marks, minimal capitalisation for chapter title within a larger work. Year still placed immediately after the author of the chapter. Title of collection italicised. Editor’s name is written with first name first and family name last. If no author, use title. 14. Different editions of a book. Crumbwart (1946) is one such later response. Be aware that in the Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edition, the revised date is prioritized by the in-text citation however the original date is used in the School of Humanities, Languages and Social Science. Crumbwart, Phillip 1962 (1946), Responding to a nuclear world, 10th edn, vol. 3, rev. Maxwell Sneddon, Hogarth Press, London. The edition number comes immediately after the title, the volume number after that because it identifies the work. Significant input from a reviser must be mentioned as follows: in the full reference, place the original date of publication in brackets after the date of the current work, if the latter is significantly different. 14 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 15. Encyclopaedia or dictionary. Inflation has a large entry that covers all the basics and then some (Encyclopedia Britannica 1982). The term is not included in the Oxford English dictionary (1997). If there is an author of a segment mentioned, then the principles already outlined in chapter of an edited book apply. If the name of source, date and entry/term are stated in the text of your document, they do not require mention in the list of references. 16. Electronic book or book viewed electronically. OR PDF files (e.g. ABS, database journals). This is evident in much research now available in electronic form (Armitage 2007). A study in 2003 showed that in Asia ‘16 million men are part of one vast family’ all descended from Ghengis Khan (Man 2004 Introduction). Armitage, Mary 2007, The far from final ‘Tale of two cities’, Miranda Publishing, Kilroy, Queensland. Retrieved 10 August 2007, from NetLibrary database. Man, John 2004, Ghengis Khan, Bantam Books, London. Kindle version, retrieved 22 April 2016, from Google Books. Single inverted commas highlight title within a title already italicised. Clarification of where Kilroy is for those who do not know. Full stop at end of entry prior to retrieval details. If there are no page numbers, include the version of E-book e.g. Kindle version, Adobe digital edn. If quoting from source with no page numbers include the chapter title in place of page number for your in-text citation. 15 TABLE ONE: BOOKS & PRINT BASED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS TABLE TWO: JOURNALS, PROCEEDINGS, NEWSPAPERS & MAGAZINES Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Article in a print journal with a volume number and an issue number. The most exciting diversions, according to some practitioners ‘are difficult to resist through breathing alone’ (Franklin 1968, p. 5). Franklin, Teresa 1968, ‘New ways to share an intimate evening’, Journal of Leisure and Sexuality, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 63-82. Article title: single inverted commas. Comma separates titles. Journal title: italicised and MAXIMAL (upper case) capitalisation. Do not use capitals for vol. and/or no. Page number range for articles is required. Article with no author: list by title. 2. Article in a print journal with a volume number, issue number and month identifier. This is Mary Jane’s only sane act in the whole novel (Trudell 2003, p. 92). Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding eugenics in “Darwinians must”’, Journal of Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3, December, pp. 92-101. Could also be written - see note: Trudell, Mark 2003, ‘Understanding eugenics in Darwinians must’, Journal of Mental Health and Literature, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 92-101. As above. Plus: Within article title, another title (book, ship name, etc) must be either italicised OR placed in double inverted commas. Whichever is chosen, consistency is then required throughout the reference list. If both month identifier and issue number are present, select one or the other to place after the vol. identifier. Again, consistency is required once a decision is made. 16 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 3. Electronic journal, full text accessed from a database or through library catalogue. Education is little more than a sausage machine unless we think seriously about what we are doing (Jugges 1976, p. 31). The trend is for more and longer periods of inactivity in the classroom (‘Changes for eighties teaching’ 1976, p. 79). Use PDF versions which have page numbers. Jugges, Matthew 1976, ‘Making young people creative’, Journal of Australian Education, In-focus series, Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot (eds), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 35-70. Retrieved 16 November 2006, from Expanded Academic Database. ‘Changes for eighties teaching’ 1976, Journal of Australian Education, In-focus series, Marilyn Snikes & Bert Fornfoot (eds), vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 371-90. Retrieved 18 November 2014, from Expanded Academic Database. As above. Plus: This issue is part of a series. Series name and editors of the series are placed in plain text after journal name with minimal capitalisation. Electronic retrieval data added. If no author, list by title of article. For all journals, print and electronic, no place of publication is listed unless journals of the same name are published in different places. 4. Newspaper or magazine article with author - hard copy. The Council Mayor promised ‘something would be done about beach erosion’ (Hill 2008, p. 10). Hill, Jane 2008, ‘Northward moving real estate’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 12 January, p. 10. Numeral in date proceeds month. 5. Newspaper or magazine article with no author. Gold Coast City resident writes: ‘The Mayor promised “something would be done about beach erosion” but, at this stage, it looks as if we’ll have to go to Noosa to retrieve what belongs to us’ (‘No action yet’, Gold Coast Bulletin, 23 January 2008, p. 3). Provide all details by in-text citation. Abbreviate and italicise frequently used, long names after first full use e.g. Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), Courier Mail (CM). No need for bibliographic entry as all reference details provided in-text. Double inverted commas inside single inverted commas for a quote within a quote. 17 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 6. Full text newspaper, newswire from the internet – no author. The Barrier Reef is popular again this year (Cairns Weekly 2007, p. 7). ‘People flock to reef'’, Cairns Weekly, 16 July 2007, p. 7. Retrieved 12 September 2007, from Factiva database. Full stop at end of reference before retrieval information. 7. Published proceedings of conferences, seminars and meetings. The latest figures available suggest… (Mandlehurst 2004, p. 12). Mandlehurst, Mandy 2004, ‘Representations, tourism and the ecology of the Great Barrier Reef’, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Save the Reef Campaign, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, pp. 5-15. 8. Reviews. Published in a magazine, journal or newspaper. In her review of Peter Carey’s True History of the Kelly Gang, Goodilly suggested that he was not really an Australian (2001, p. 2). Goodilly, Karen 2006, ‘Expatriates and the need to claim them’, review of True history of the Kelly gang, Sydney Morning Herald, 12 January, p. 4s. Elements separated by commas. Italics for the name of the book within the title of the review. Lower case ‘s’ after the page represents pagination in a special section e.g. Literary Pages. 18 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 9. Interviews. Published in a magazine, journal or newspaper. However, in Goodilly’s interview with Carey (2002) she did not express her previous inclination to disown Carey as Australian. Though Carey’s question ‘Do you consider expatriates to be nonAustralian?’ drove home Carey’s awareness of her position (Carey, in Goodilly 2002). Goodilly, Mary 2002, ‘Catching up with Peter before he flies away’, interview with Peter Carey, Meanjin, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 16-32. Carey is not listed as the author in the reference. His quote was found in Goodilly’s interview so she is the author. Inverted commas for title of review. Italics for journal title. 19 TABLE THREE: AUDIO VISUAL Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Media release (verbal or written). Fred Nirvana (2008), spokesperson for Activists for Making the World a Better Place said that they would try to sponsor a channel which carried only good news stories. Chris Bowen (2016), did his best to keep the new government on its toes with a media release that addressed the Opposition’s forthcoming shadow budget. Nirvana, Fred 2008, Everybody wants a better life, media release, Activists for Making the World a Better Place, Nimbin, New South Wales, 31 January. Bowen, Chris (Shadow Treasurer) 2016, Liberal budget lies: Slomo busy throwing stones from his glass house, media release, Parliament House, Canberra, 26 May. Italics for name of address if there is one. Plain text for organisation. Clarification of speaker’s position after speaker’s name. Numeral in date precedes month. 2. Television & radio programs. Widely considered to be the best producers of crime shows, the Danish have wowed audiences with another Nordic noir (Unit one 2006). Raymond Gaita claims that ‘philosophy has always had a very strong presence in Australia’ (Philosophy for lunch 2008). Unit one 2006, television program, SBS Television, Sydney. Produced by Danmarks Radio, Denmark. Philosophy for lunch 2008, unpaginated transcript, ABC Radio National, Sydney, 19 January. Retrieved 23 January 2008, from If radio program accessed was a podcast or real time broadcast, then note that where transcript occurs in this reference. This radio program could also be referenced as an interview. For television programs cite the place and network where it was screened. Other details such as producer and place of production can be included at the end. 20 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 3. Online audio visual sources – vlogs, podcasts etc. Fiona Hall had much to say about being chosen to exhibit her artwork at the prestigious Venice Biennale (ABC 2016). ABC 2016, ‘Wrong way time: Fiona Hall’s Venice Biennale comes home’ Radio National Breakfast, podcast, 22 April. Retrieved 22 April 2016, from Maroun, Louna 2015, ‘Paper towns Australian premiere: Sydney’ Life Vlogs, vlog, 7 July. Viewed 22 April 2016, This radio program could also be referenced as an interview or as above if a transcript is available. For downloadable content use: Retrieved date, from URL. For non-downloaded content use: Viewed date, URL. 4. Sound recording. We could hear the quiver in her voice during the whole second act (Ionesco 1973). Ionesco, Eugene 1973, Rhinoceros, Caedmon, New York. Sound recording, 87 minutes, 2 cassettes. Extra details follow reference. 5. Video game. This history rich video game gets most of the facts right but not all (Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 2011). Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 2011, standard edn, Xbox, video game, Ubisoft, Montreal. 6. Mobile application. Students can access course details via an online app (Blackboard 2013). Blackboard Inc. 2013, Blackboard mobile learn, version 3.1.4, mobile app, viewed 22 April 2016. 21 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of references Format Note This Feature 7. Films and videos. Was this dancing movie (Strictly ballroom 1992) really Australia’s equivalent to Grease (1978)? Strictly ballroom 1992, Feature film, Twentieth Century Fox, Los Angeles. Also available in book form as the screenplay: Luhrmann, Baz & Bovell, Andrew 1992, Strictly ballroom, Currency Press, Sydney. Screenplay. And was produced as a video recording as well: Strictly ballroom c. 2000, videorecording, Miramax Home Entertainment, Burbank, CA. Producer Tristram Miall, Director Baz Luhrmann. Only give the full reference of the version you are using. If publication date is approximate – note c. before year provided. Extra details follow reference. Extra names in details are not appearing alphabetically so do not need to be family name first. 8. Online videos – YouTube, Vine etc. Hank Green (2016) argues that Leonardo DiCaprio can help students think about the nature of reality in philosophy classrooms. Green, Hank 2016, Leonardo DiCaprio & the nature of reality: Crash Course philosophy #4, videorecording. Viewed 20 April 2016, ˂https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IV8YsyghbU&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNgK6MZucdYldNkMybYI HKR&index=4˃ If information about the person who produced the video is unavailable include the name/username of the person who uploaded the video instead. For the in-text citation use the title of the film instead. 9. Stand-alone maps. Those not found in books, journals or websites. In 2000, only the tip of North Queensland was in the equatorial climate zone (Environmental map of Australia 2000). Australian Surveying and Land Information Group 2001, Tallangatta, Victoria and New South Wales topographic map, 1:250 000. 55-3, 2nd edn., Australian Surveying and Land Information Group, Canberra. Environmental map of Australia 2000, map, 1: 5,000,000, Earth Systems, Melbourne. (Information drawn from: DLS, Charles Sturt University – see bibliography). Publisher may be same as author. Sheet title, if there is one, in italics. Scale must be included. Edition is very important in maps. 22 TABLE FOUR: UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Unpublished thesis. The ideological implications of the current multinational and globalised post-capitalist investments in fully stocked underground bunkers are driven by neo-conservative recognitions that nuclear energy is on its way (Frankfurter 2001, p. 45). Frankfurter, Michelle 2001 ‘Fear and its ideological underpinnings’, PhD thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane. Type of thesis must be mentioned. University at which it was undertaken replaces publisher. Place is still required unless inferred. No italics anywhere. 2. Unpublished report presented at a conference or meeting. The Treasurer reported that the annual income for that year grew significantly compared to the previous two years (‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, p. 2). ‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. If held privately or by author: ‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. In possession of Mr Frank Newfingle, Nerang (Gold Coast). No italics anywhere. Entry ends with a full stop before place of lodgement is noted. 3. Archival material. The Treasurer reported that the annual income for that year grew significantly compared to the previous two years (‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, p. 2). ‘Treasurer’s annual report’ 1982, presented to the fifteenth annual meeting of the Nerang Youth & Citizens Police Club, Nerang, 19 July. File CM 458. In possession of Gold Coast City Library, Local History Division, Gold Coast. If there is a file number available, position it after the details of the reference but before the details of the place location. 23 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 4. GU study guide. The incidence of young people who binge drink is of great concern to sociologists (1105LHS 2007, p. 24). 1105LHS Youth & Society Study Guide 2007, Griffith University, Brisbane. The course code in plain text is required in the in-text citation. The full name and code is required in the bibliography. Check front pages of the Guide for year it was revised as the year of publication. If unavailable, use the year in which you are doing the course. 5. GU dossier of readings. When full details of a reading are available from the dossier contents. The Russians very quickly decided ‘the Americans could not be permitted to control outer space’ and initiated their own space program (Minsky 2001, p. 6). Australian literature was at its peak in the seventies (Rathdown 1999, p. 65). Minsky, Godfrey 2001, Initiating a Russian space program, Routledge, New York. Rathdown, Susie 1999, ‘Understanding new radicalism in Australian literature’, Journal of Australian Books and History, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 65-90. Treat the article in the same way as you would if you found it in its original format in a book or a journal or any other source according to the direction in this Guide. 24 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 6. GU dossier of readings. When full details of a reading are NOT available from the dossier contents. The trouble was that the depression dramatically slowed ‘home grown manufacturing and export’ (Delaney, R2 in 1109LHS Dossier 2008, p. 16). Delaney, Matthew 1941, ‘Finding a way forward’, Reading Two, 1109LHS Depression Studies, Dossier of Readings, Griffith University, Brisbane, semester 1, 2008. As far as possible put all the details of the reading that would locate it in its original source. Where they are not available, write ‘not available’ in place they would normally appear. In addition, add dossier details. 7. Interviews. Where the author has undertaken interviews as part of the research. Barry Tipsy, 39, told me alcoholism was part of the Australian culture (2015, pers. comm., 24 April). When interviewed on the 24 April 2015, Barry Tipsy said ‘Alcoholism? It’s just part of being an Aussie’ (See Appendix A). Treat interviews as personal communications. No reference required in the reference list. You may wish to provide a transcript for interviews performed as part of the research. This should be included in an appendix after the reference list. 25 TABLE FIVE: GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (Examples drawn directly from: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, pp.220-222; Division of Library Services, 2003, pp. 19 & 54) Problems often occur in the citing of government publications. Common challenges to which to be alert include:  No apparent author  Often a specific consultant is employed, or a particular committee formed to work temporarily with a sponsoring agency  It may be sponsored and written by the same agency (so they are effectively both author and publisher)  May be the work of a committee set up for that single task.  May be a parliamentary publication (e.g. Hansard, Parliamentary Papers, Journals of the Senate, House of Representatives Votes and Proceedings) Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Title page without an author. The government has had a clear policy of mainstreaming that has effectively established half way houses (Disability Services Queensland 2000). Disability Services Queensland 2000, Securing a forward looking dimension in mainstreaming disability, Disability Services Queensland, Brisbane. Sponsoring agency listed as author. Maximal capitalisation. Sponsoring agency is usually also the ‘publisher’. Title italicised, minimal capitalisation. 2. Title page with author and sponsoring body. New anti-terrorism measures are in place to protect Australian citizens (Australian Federal Police 2007). The Australian Federal Police (2007) defend their claim… Australian Federal Police 2007, Analysis of effectiveness of anti-terrorist measures introduced and deployed in 2006, report prepared by John Smith, Australian Federal Police, Canberra. STILL place the sponsoring agency in the author position. Acknowledge individual writer after the title. In-text citation has sponsoring body. 26 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 3. Title page names temporary consultant. Dabrowski’s latest report (1999) made is obvious that… Dabrowski, William 1999, Caring for country, report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra. Temporary consultant appears in author position. 4. Title page names temporary committee. ‘Care for country should be encouraged alongside modern methods’ (Traditional Methods Committee 1999, p.3). Traditional Methods Committee 1999, ‘Burning for regeneration’, report to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission, Canberra. Committee appears in author position. A temporary committee is convened with a specific task and dismantled once it is complete. 5. Written by a Branch or Division permanently within an agency which is the publishing body. Producing an alternative and sustainable form of fuel is a challenge currently being taken up by government bodies (Department of Conservation 2004). Department of Conservation 2004, Hydrogen powered cars: Progress to date, Sustainable Energy Branch, Department of Conservation, Darwin. STILL place the sponsoring agency in the author position. Acknowledge the Branch or Division after the title. In-text citation has sponsoring body. 27 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 6. Publishing body and sponsoring agency are different. The current Australian flag should never be considered the only way of presenting the national flag, nor should the State flags be minimised in importance (DAS 1995). The Department of Administrative Services (1995) had… Department of Administrative Services (Awards and National Symbols Branch) 1995, Australian flags, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. Acknowledge position of Branch or Division. Details CHANGE when the publishing agent is not the same as the sponsoring body in position of author. Abbreviate long title in author position for the in-text citation; insert abbreviation in the bibliography with a cross reference to full name in its alphabetical position. No need to mention the Branch or Division in the in-text citation. 7. Parliamentary Papers. The 1999-2000 annual report of the Department of Finance and Administration (Australia, Parliament 2000a) demonstrates… The report has become something of a hot potato for use of the phrase ‘Collateral spending’ (The Bent Report 2000b, p. 6). Australia, Parliament 2000a, Department of Finance and Administration annual report 1999- 2000, Parl. Paper 32, Canberra. Australia, Parliament 2000b, Parliamentary spending: Report of the Public Accounts Committee, (L Bent, chairperson), Parl. Paper 142, Canberra. The Bent Report See Australia, Parliament 2000b. Title in italics and minimal capitalisation (proper nouns maximal, however). Use of 2000a, 2000b format to distinguish items published in the same year. Even where a report is well known by the name of the person presenting it, and can therefore be cited by that name in-text, the report must be placed in the bibliography with the sponsoring agency as the author. 28 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 8. Hansard. Commonwealth of Australia (2014, p. 13755) records the first and second readings of the Corporations Amendment (Further Future of Financial Advice Measures) Bill 2014. Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives 2014, Parliamentary debates, vol. 24, pp. 13742-13891. Australia, Senate 2000, Debates, vol. S25, p. 65. Hansard is the name given to Australian parliamentary proceedings. Page numbers accessed appear in the Referencing List. Volume numbers replace use of 2000a and 2000b. 9. Journals of the Senate and, Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives. Australia, Senate 2000-2001, Journals, no. 123, p. 178. Australia, House of Representatives 2000-2001, Votes and Proceedings, vol. 1, p. 631. Volume and issue numbers replace use of 2000a and 2000b. 29 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 10. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Unemployment is at its lowest for five years (ABS 2000) but the Youth Allowance lowers that figure. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s population 1890-1910, Catalogue no. 3467.2, ABS, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2.005, Queensland yearbook, Catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS, Brisbane. Be sure to insert title, catalogue number and page if paginated. Title in italics and minimal capitalisation. 11. Graphs, images, figures and tables reproduced in full. Image and/or table is presented in text as it appears in the original with the following phrase directly beneath it as an in-text citation: Source: ABS 2001, Australia’s environment: issues and trends, 4613.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001, Australia’s environment: Issues and trends, Catalogue no. 4613.0, ABS, Canberra. Cross reference abbreviations from in-text citation. Australian Bureau of Statistics is permitted as an abbreviation within the full reference on its second appearance only. No brackets around substitute for intext citation. 12. Compilation of figures or percentages which are the author’s interpretation. Your own tabulated interpretation of raw statistics is presented in the text with the following phrase directly beneath it as an in-text citation: Figures compiled using statistics from: ABS 2005, 1301.5. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2005, Queensland yearbook, catalogue no. 1301.5, ABS, Brisbane. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2016, Population statistics by age and sex, Queensland, catalogue no. 2604.1.55. Retrieved 26 January 2016, from As above. If using sources called ABS or AusStats, only available electronically, include URL and date retrieved/viewed following reference. 30 TABLE SIX: WORLD WIDE WEB AND ELECTRONIC ONLY SOURCES Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 1. Website. Homepage of organisation or person. If you need to know details of the QAG program, begin at their homepage (http://www.qag.qld.gov.au/). OR If you need to know details of the QAG program, begin at their homepage (QAG/GoMA Homepage). QAG/GoMA See Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art. Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art n.d., Homepage, Queensland Government, Brisbane, viewed 7 August 2014, Author (person responsible for the site) may be a person OR organisation. Date established OR last revised. If no date, use n.d. No italics. URL is between <…>. Web address may be given in the in-text citation. OR School usage, which remains acceptable, has been to use an abbreviated term cross-referenced in the bibliography if needed. 2. A document within a website. McQueen is a central figure in early twentieth century Queensland art (Making it modern 2007). Making it modern: The watercolours of Kenneth Macqueen 2007, description of exhibition sponsored by Leighton Contractors. Viewed 26 January 2008, Can usually be treated in the same way as a print copy of document or book citing author, editor, compiler, date revised. 31 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 3. GU discussion forums, mail lists, Blackboard groups, and bulletin boards. ‘Television encourages family values as often as it opposes them’ (Jones, 2 June 2006). Journalism used to be a profession that had no code of ethics – this is no longer the case, according to at least one member of the association (Frankling, 2 January 2005). Jones, Bill 2006, ‘Not as simple as that’, 1907ART Gender, history and Culture, discussion forum reading four, viewed 19 August 2006, Frankling, Lynn 2005, ‘News for old hacks’, list server, 2 January, National Journalists Association, viewed 4 April 2006, Components in order should be: author’s name, any other identifying details, year of posting, title of posting, description of posting, day and month if given, name of list owner, date of viewing, URL. Title of posting in inverted commas like the title of an article in journal or chapter in a book. Comma after name for in-text citation. URL is between <…>. 4. Email OR other personal correspond ence. An eyewitness reports that the defendant screamed during the trial (Inole 2002, pers. comm. 25 May). Mr Inole confirmed by fax on 25 May, 2002, that… Personal correspondence includes: face to face conversation, telephone call, fax, letter or email. No details required in Bibliography but may be provided. 32 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 5. Private online posts such as those made on private Facebook pages and in private online messages. Joe Blogs told me he was there when the Titanic went down (Blogs 2000, pers. comm. 14 June). Permission of the person who wrote the post/message should be sought where possible. Private messages/posts should be treated as personal communications and do not need to be included in the Reference List but may be provided. 6. Public online posts – Facebook and Twitter. ‘In big publishing news, it was announced today that James Patterson and I will be teaming up to dominate the novella world’ (Earls 23 March 2016). Nick Earls announced on his Facebook page on 23 March, 2016 that he… Earls, Nick 2016, Nick Earls: Writer, Facebook, 23 March, viewed 20 April 2016, ˂https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1015387996832 6131&id=116130636130&fref=nf ˃ Ireland, Judith 2016, "He did it 'cause he likes you." The domestic violence ad campaign that will confront Australia, Twitter, 19 April, viewed 22 April 2016, For Twitter posts, include the whole post as the title. 7. CD-ROMS. Children really benefit from electronic skills in accessing material (Onscreen learning today 2005). Onscreen learning today 2005, CD-CDROM, Knowledge Adventure Inc., Torrance, California. Italics for title of CDROM. Same details as for film, TV, video and radio. 33 Source Type In-Text Citation Format List of References Format Note This Feature 8. Blogs. Gaiman has become a celebrity writer but still gets nervous when he performs in public (Gaiman 2014). Gaiman, Neil 2014, ‘Radio shows are like busses…’, Journal, 15 November, viewed 20 April 2016, ˂http://journal.neilgaiman.com/2014_11_01_archive.html˃ 9. Online comment. The meticulous planning of Singapore doesn’t necessarily make it an exciting city to live in according to some residents (MongChongee 22 April 2016). MongChongee 2016, comment on Colin Marshall, ‘Story of cities #27: Singapore – the most meticulously planned city in the world’, The Guardian, comment posted 22 April. Viewed 22 April 2016, 34 3. ABBREVIATIONS app. Appendix. c. Circa – meaning ‘around’ indicates that a specific date is uncertain. comp. and comps Compiler/s – a person who has put together into a single document multiple documents written for other purposes. ed. and eds Editor/s – the person responsible for organizing articles written by multiple authors for a specific book. edn Edition. et al. Et alia – meaning ‘and others’. ill. and ills Illustrator/s. no. Issue number. n.d. No date – used when a source lacks a date of publication. n.p. No place – used when a source lacks a place of publication. parl. paper Parliamentary Paper. pers. comm. Personal communication. p. and pp. Page number/s – the use of a double ‘p’ indicates a range of pages. rev. Revised. tran. and trans Translator/s. vol. and vols Volume number/s. . 35 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6 th edn, rev. Snooks & Co, John Wiley & Sons, Canberra. Division of Library Services 2003, Referencing guide, 7th edn, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW. Hagger, Jennifer 1979, Australian colonial medicine, Rigby Ltd, Adelaide. Harris, Robert A 2001, The plagiarism handbook: Strategies for preventing, detecting and dealing with plagiarism, Pyrczak Publishing, Los Angeles. Lawson, Ronald 1973, Brisbane in the 1890s: a study of an Australian urban society, University of Queensland Press, St. Lucia, Brisbane. Library and Information Service 2007, Harvard referencing, Curtin University of Technology, Perth. Janna, L, Kim, C, Sorsoli, Lynn, Collins, Katherine, Zylbergold, Bonnie A Schooler, Deborah & Tolman, Deborah L 2007, From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television, The Journal of Sex Research, vol. 44, no. 2 pp. 145-158. Sabia Joseph J 2007, Reading, writing, and sex: The effect of losing virginity on academic achievement, Economic Inquiry, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 99-101. Entries are in alphabetical order by author surname.